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To encourage trade through Judaea, King Herod built a deepwater harbor on the open sea at Caesarea. He protected the site by surrounding it with giant cement walls that extended some 500 yards (460 meters) from shore and were anchored to the sea floor using a newly invented hydraulic concrete imported from Italy. Archaeologists aren't sure why the harbor walls crumbled into the sea, but one theory suggests it may have been brought down by an earthquake or tsunami.
Photograph by Mark S. Little