November 8, 2010\u2014Over the course of the summer, scientists detected large plumes of droplets of dispersed oil in the Gulf of Mexico, presumably from the BP oil spill that began in April. Are these plumes still a threat to the Gulf ecosystem?
", "is_us_only": "false", "title": "Gulf Oil Plumes Still a Threat?", "url": "http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/environment-news/nsf-oil-plumes-joye-vin/", "country_code_deny_list": [], "allowUserEmbed": "True", "related": { "link": [ { "url": "http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/gulf-oil-spill-news/", "name": "Gulf Oil Spill News, Pictures and Video" }, { "url": "http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/news/animals-news/nsf-oil-citizen-scientist-vin.html", "name": "Video: Tracking Birds in the BP-Spill Zone" } ] }, "credit": " 2010 National Geographic; partially funded by NSF", "smil": "http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/data/xml/nsf-oil-plumes-joye-vin.smil", "country_code_allow_list": [], "HTML5src": "/video/player/media-mp4/nsf-oil-plumes-joye-vin/mp4/variant-playlist.m3u8", "still": "http://video.nationalgeographic.com/exposure/transcode/0/615/346/?url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/media/nsf-oil-plumes-joye-vin/nsf-oil-plumes-joye-vin_480x360.jpg", "transcript": "Several weeks after the BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill, researchers familiar with the Gulf revealed that their research team had detected a large plume made up of oil droplets and it was located more than 3000 feet under the water\u2019s surface.
One of those researchers is University of Georgia marine scientist Samantha Joye.
The oil plume data collected by Joye and the other researchers working with her initially received a cool reception from officials in NOAA. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and oil company officials consistently backed away from confirming the findings of the scientists.
But by the end of the summer, other scientists had made similar public statements following their own research: giant plumes of oil did exist in the Gulf.
SOUNDBITE: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Marine Scientist: \u201cSo, my concern regarding the Deepwater impact is the ultimate fate of the material that is in these plumes.\u201d
Joye has been conducting research in the Gulf of Mexico for more than 15 years. In late May, she and her colleagues from several universities embarked on a long-planned research cruise in the Gulf. They made another excursion in August.
This video was taken aboard the research vessel F. G. Walton Smith, owned by the University of Miami.
SOUNDBITE: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Marine Scientist: \u201cMy two biggest concerns \u2013 are one, the toxicity of the poly(cyclic) aromatic hydrocarbons \u2013 that\u2019s limited to a really small area around the spill zone \u2013 5 kilometers around the spill zone \u2013 that\u2019s the most toxic types of hydrocarbons- the poly(cyclic) aromatic, the naphthalene, and toluene and things like that. The other concern that I have is just the sheer volume of the gas that
has been expelled from the well head - most is dissolved in the deepwater and
represents a large potential oxygen sink and how that is going to play out over
time.\u201d
At 3600 feet below the surface , tiny, virtually invisible droplets of oil, formed a vast cloud that was 3 miles long. But, they are out of sight. And while cleanup appeared to focus on surface oil and oil reaching beaches and marshes, Joye says the plumes, and the oil that gets dispersed in the depths of the Gulf are no less of a threat to marine life.
SOUNDBITE: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Marine Scientist: \u201cDispersed oil and dissolved oil is no less of a threat than surficial oil floating on the surface because that material still carries with it two potentially important biological effects: One is toxicity and that\u2019s related to the concentration of oil in the environment. The other is oxygen demand and that\u2019s related to the stimulation of biodegradation and oxygen consumption from the oil in the environment\u201d
While there has been much talk about organisms breaking up the oil in the water, Joye says that\u2019s not all good news.
SOUNDBITE: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Marine Scientist: \u201cMicrobial consumption of oil and gas is actually a good thing, and if this was happening on the surface mix layer it would be a wonderful, wonderful thing with hardly any side effects. But it\u2019s not happening on the surface mix layer. It is happening deep below the surface in isolated layers. And because it\u2019s happening in these isolated layers, oxygen becomes a big problem because if these organisms in these layers consume oxygen faster than physical processes can replenish oxygen in these layers, you can have the generation of layers low oxygen water.\u201d
That, she says, could lead to suffocation of animals living on the sea floor.
SOUNDBITE: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Marine Scientist: \u201cIt\u2019s a good thing, but it\u2019s a complicated thing, because you\u2019ve got this oxygen consumption that exceeds the system\u2019s ability to replenish the oxygen.\u201d
And Joye is concerned that little attention is being given to the other byproduct of the deepwater well.
SOUNDBITE: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Marine Scientist: \u201cThe other aspect that there has not been much discussion about, and I\u2019ll go back to this again and again, is the gases \u2013 40% of flux from this well iwas gas: methane gas, ethane gas, propane gas. Nobody\u2019s talking about the role of the gases. The gases weren\u2019t included the oil budget, NOAA doesn\u2019t measure gases on the cruises- the monitoring cruises. It\u2019s like 40% of this spill is being sort of shoved into a corner and a rug thrown over it.\u201d
She says that the effects of the oil, gas and dispersants will affect marine life for years to come. She also offers a final thought.
SOUNDBITE: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Marine Scientist: \u201cAnd we need to all take a look at ourselves and change our own individual ways as much as we can to have a smaller impact on the world because until the global appetite for oil and gas is decreased, oil producing companies will continue to drill in deepwater in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Nigeria, in the Indian Ocean, you name it. This isn\u2019t going to stop until the consumption stops and that starts with each of us. It doesn\u2019t start with anybody else. It starts with an individual person. It starts with me and it starts with you.\u201d
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