The waters around one of the world’s most remote inhabited islands, in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean, are set to become the fourth largest completely protected marine area in the world, and the largest in the Atlantic.
Tristan da Cunha, a British territory, is 2,300 miles east of South America and 1,600 miles west of South Africa. To reach it requires a seven-day boat trip from South Africa, and once you’re there, “you feel so much like you’re at the edge of the world,” says Jonathan Hall, the head of the U.K. overseas territory unit at the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB).
Now, this four-island archipelago will be the site of a marine sanctuary that spans 265,347 square miles, making it almost three times larger than the United Kingdom. Announced today by the Tristan da Cunha government, 90 percent of the waters around the island chain will become a “no-take zone” in which fishing, mining, and other extractive activities are banned.
Not only will this help bolster a small lobster fishery outside the sanctuary, say conservationists, but also it will protect foraging grounds for the tens of millions of seabirds that roost on the islands, such as yellow-nosed albatross and rockhopper penguins, and habitat for seals, sharks, and whales.
The new protected area will join the U.K.’s Blue Belt Programme, which, as of today, safeguards 2.7 million square miles of marine ecosystems around the world. The new sanctuary is the result of a collaboration between the Tristan da Cunha and U.K. governments, and a number of other conservation groups, including RSPB, which has worked in the region for 20 years, and the National Geographic’s Society's Pristine Seas initiative.

Protected marine area
added to the South
Atlantic Ocean
The National Geographic Society launched the Pristine Seas project in 2008 to explore and preserve the ocean. Pristine Seas has conducted 30 expeditions, and with the most recent addition of Tristan da Cunha, has helped create 23 marine reserves. Its new research indicates crucial areas to safeguard in the future.
Conservation priority areas
Lowest
Highest
Highly protected marine area
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
INDIAN
OCEAN
TRISTAN DA CUNHA
MARINE PROTECTION ZONE
Exploration and protection
Expedition
Protected area designation
Square mileage protected
2005
Northern Line Is. - Expedition sparked the idea for Pristine Seas
Pristine Seas created
2008
Southern Line Is. - First official expedition
2009
2010
2011
Pitcairn Is. - Discovered deepest known living plant
2012
2013
Franz Josef Land - Surveyed the northernmost kelp forest
2014
2015
Palau - protects 80% of its waters
Galápagos Is. - Discovered the highest known biomass of sharks
2016
2017
Gabon - Africa's largest network of MPAs
2018
Azores - Discovered a new hydrothermal vent field
2019
2020
Tristan da Cunha
2,525,559
square miles protected
Christine Fellenz, Irene Berman-vaporis, and TAYLOR MAGGIACOMO, ngm Staff. Sources: Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society; Environmental Market Solutions Lab, Uc Santa Barbara; Trisha Atwood, Utah State University

Protected marine area added to the South Atlantic Ocean
The National Geographic Society launched the Pristine Seas project in 2008 to explore and preserve the ocean. Pristine Seas has conducted 30 expeditions, and with the most recent addition of Tristan da Cunha, has helped create 23 marine reserves. Its new research indicates crucial areas to safeguard in the future.
Priority areas
Protecting 35 percent of the ocean (green areas) would benefit biodiversity, food production, and carbon storage.
NORTH
AMERICA
ASIA
NORTH
AMERICA
ASIA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Lowest
Highest
EUROPE
Non-priority ocean
SOUTH
AMERICA
Marine conservation
AFRICA
INDIAN
OCEAN
While 7 percent of the ocean has some form of protection, only 2.5 percent is highly protected from extractive activities.
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
Highly protected marine area
affiliated with Pristine Seas
Other highly protected marine area
ANTARCTICA
Other Pristine Seas expedition site
ANTARCTICA
TRISTAN DA CUNHA
MARINE PROTECTION ZONE
Exploration and protection
Square mileage protected
Expedition
Protected area designation
2,525,559
square miles protected
Northern Line Is.
Franz Josef Land
Southern Line Is.
Galápagos Is.
Pristine Seas
created
Tristan da
Cunha
Pitcairn Is.
Azores
Gabon
Palau
2005
2013
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2014
Surveyed the northernmost kelp forest
Palau protects 80% of its waters
Discovered the highest
known biomass of sharks
Africa's largest network of MPAs
Discovered
a new hydrothermal vent field
Expedition sparked
the idea for Pristine Seas
First official expedition
Discovered deepest known
living plant
Christine Fellenz, Irene Berman-vaporis, AND TAYLOR MAGGIACOMO, ngm Staff. Sources: Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society; Environmental Market Solutions Lab, Uc Santa Barbara; Trisha Atwood, Utah State University
The Edinburgh of the Seven Seas
In a 2014 article that appeared in the now shuttered U.S. edition of National Geographic Traveler magazine, writer Andy Isaacson described Tristan da Cunha—or simply Tristan, as it’s often called—as a mix between Scotland and California’s Big Sur.
Jutting from this main island is an active volcano that’s capped with snow in the winter and marked by steep cliffs where albatross build their nests. Along the beaches are colonies of seals and penguins, and just offshore lie golden kelp forests. Only one tree species exists on the island, phylica arborea, or “the island tree.”
About 245 people of Scottish, American, Dutch, and Italian heritage live in Tristan’s only village, called Edinburgh of the Seven Seas.
First discovered by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha in 1506, the island wasn’t inhabited until 1816, when a British garrison was stationed there to prevent the French from rescuing exiled emperor Napoleon from St. Helena Island, 1,343 miles north.
The descendants of those British sailors and a smattering of others over the years populate the island, keeping sheep, growing potatoes, and fishing for lobster.
While humans are scarce, wildlife is abundant on Tristan da Cunha, with seabird populations numbering in the tens of millions.
Every evening on the island, “the air just looks like it’s black with smoke as birds descend,” says Hall. “The scale of life is just so amazing.”
During a 2017 expedition to research the archipelago, scientists from National Geographic Pristine Seas also discovered a large population of migratory blue sharks, a species that’s heavily overfished for their fins.
“This is a place that has a unique ecosystem that is found nowhere else,” says National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Enric Sala. It’s the only region for thousands of miles with coastal ecosystems like kelp forests, he notes, and it’s a critical nursery for blue sharks.
Benefits from marine protection
As remote as it is, Tristan da Cunha is not without its conservation threats. Invasive mice, brought by passing ships, kill about two million birds a year. The first eradication program will take place in 2021.
Offshore, RSPB’s Hall says the region has seen illegal fishing vessels. Tristan da Cunha’s residents operate a lobster fishery that’s certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council. The new marine reserve excludes the designated fishing zones just offshore several islands. Inside the marine reserve, no fishing will be permitted.
A 2017 report by Pristine Seas used satellite data to track fishing vessels in the area from 2014 to 2016. A majority of the 253 vessels logged appeared to be passing through, but 11 showed activity consistent with fishing. Industrial fishing can lead to seabirds, sharks, and other important species inadvertently caught in nets or on fishing lines.
Under the protection of the U.K.’s Blue Belt Programme, Tristan da Cunha will receive more resources for patrolling its waters for illegal fishing activity, says Hall.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are seen by experts as a conservation silver bullet. A study published on Tuesday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further corroborated established scientific evidence that MPAs worldwide protect food supplies by producing larger catch yields. Fisheries that are left undisturbed can produce a “spillover” effect in which an abundance of fish from a protected area “spill over” into fishing hotspots. Expanding the current network of protected areas by just 5 percent, the study found, could boost global fish catch by at least 20 percent.
“The increasing demand for seafood from an increasing and burgeoning human population, in addition to the expected negative impacts of climate change on many fisheries, elevates the need for managing and protecting fish stocks well,” says Reniel Cabral, an ecologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and one of the study’s authors.
More to do
Around 8 percent of the world’s oceans are designated as MPAs, but only 2.6 percent are totally off limits to fishing.
Albatross chicks roost at Tristan da Cunha Island. While the new marine reserve protects waters needed for albatross foraging, chicks face a large threat from the invasive mice populating the island. An eradication effort is set for next year.
Photograph by Dan Myers, National Geographic Pristine SeasThe National Geographic Society’s Campaign for Nature Initiative has called for 30 percent of the ocean to be protected, a figure their research shows would allow ecosystems to provide benefits like ample fish stocks. Safeguarding that much of the ocean, they say, will also help protect critically endangered species from extinction.
“We have 10 years to protect 30 percent of the ocean if we want to stop the extinction of species,” says Sala.
He says these protected areas must be in large pristine areas like the waters around Tristan, but he notes that the world needs a larger number of small MPAs in parts of the world with more active commercial fisheries, like the U.S. and Meditteranean.
Correction: This article has been updated to clarify that only the U.S. edition of National Geographic Traveler magazine has shuttered.