These ruins are a potent legacy of war on the landscape

Constructed when Hitler's armies threatened the future, many of these scarred structures across northern Europe represented a last line of defense against invasion. This photographer spent five years documenting their last stand.

Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer, Upper Normandy, France, 2012: Marc WIlson: “On 19 August 1942, on the beach of Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer, a group from No 4 Commando under the command of Lord Lovat, landed with a mission to assault and destroy the German Hess battery above Varengeville, which could fire on the beach of Dieppe. They were successful, but the Dieppe raid ended in disaster for the Canadian and British troops. The monolith on the shingle beach was part of a blockhouse that originally stood on the cliff.”

At a glance the view could be of any beach or cliff or headland, on the edge of any northern sea: cold and hard, with big horizons, rocks oiled with salt and moisture. Let that glance linger, though, and you start to see them. A slot in a cliff that’s a little too straight to be natural. Boulders on the beach that, with scrutiny, aren’t boulders at all. That line of rocks exposed at low tide spaced with tell-tale regularity, straight edges cut by human hand. 

During the European conflict of World War Two, the waters around the British coastline were both its savior, and its warily-watched curse. Stealth attacks by sea could come from any direction, and

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